The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business Essay Example For Students

The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business Essay The brewery industry belongs to the fabrication sector under the Nigerian Stock Exchange ( This Day, 2011 ) . It dates back to over six decennaries with the birth of the innovator company ; Nigerian Breweries in 1949 with of star larger beer, followed by Guinness Nigeria in 1962 with Guinness stout. The major merchandises in the brewery industry are beer, stout and non-alcoholic drinks ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . For the intent of this paper, beer will be used to imply lager and stout. We will write a custom essay on The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The industry experienced a roar in the seventiess due to the fledging oil industry and quickly increased from less than five n 1970 to over 30 by 1980 ( Obot, 2000 ) . The ownership of the houses in the industry are either public or state-owned with or without foreign partnership. There are challenges of high operational costs due to importing, expert-skilled labor, care of machinery and equipments. These challenges have lead to the closing of rather a figure of the smaller houses in the early 80s go forthing merely the big houses with strong fiscal base.. At present, there are 13 brewery ( Nigerian Custom Service, 2011 ) companies left with merely four listed under the Nigerian Stock Exchange ( This Day, 2011 ) . The industry is at the adulthood phase of its life rhythm but still remains one of the endeavoring industry in the Nigerian fabrication sector. It has a direct employment of over 30,000 forces and an indirect employment of over 300,000 1000 forces as a consequence of the houses supplying accessory services to the industry ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Nigerian Breweries and Guinness Nigeria are the two major participants in the industry with. Nigerian Breweries taking the market with approximately 65 % market portion while Guinness Nigeria follows with approximately 25 % . They both enjoy economic systems of graduated table and have good return on their investing ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Analysiss of Macro-environmental factors Every industry is affected by factors in the environment in which they operate. These factors which they have no direct control over, may either impact positively or negatively on the industry. The factors used for this analysis are Political, Economic, Social and Technology. Political The Nigerian political history after independency in 1960 has been characterized by a collection of military and civilian authoritiess. The military governments had adversely affected the existent sector, an illustration was the prohibition placed on importing of barley ; the natural stuff for production of beer, by the military authorities of Buhari in 1987 ( Porter A ; Phillips-Howard, 1994 ) . However the past 12 old ages of civilian authorities has witnessed comparative stableness in most parts of the state except for the jitteriness in the Niger Delta part, which has dwindled the state s rough oil gross. It is expected that the ongoing elections will successfully show in a new civilian authorities that will farther stabilise the civil order and make an enabling environment that will pull foreign investors and excite the resuscitation of the existent sector ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Economic Nigeria operates a assorted economic system which encourages the co-existence of both the private sectors and the province in the market topographic point. It is an emerging economic system with possible economic power given the abundant resources. The state s economic system is good diversified along sectoral categorization with the oil sector accounting for over 80 % of its GDP, through rough oil export thereby doing its gross extremely susceptible to the vagaries of the tendencies in the international market ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The economic system is supported by a really resilient and purely regulated fiscal system that has gone through several reforms within the past decennary. While the exchange rate has been comparatively stable in the past two old ages, involvement rates have been closely regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria while attempts to convey rising prices rate below individual figure has been elusive. Other factors that have contributed to the rough economic clime in Nigeria are deficiency of power and unequal substructure. The period between old ages 2000 and 2010 has witnessed the closing of more than 850 industries. However, with the tendency of addition in the fabrication GDP over the past old ages ( i.e. 2008: 3.6 % , 2009: 4.2 % ) , it is expected that a stable terrain will go on to pull investors in old ages to come ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Social Nigeria with its population of about 150 million is a immense potency market for investors. The state is the 2nd largest beer market in Africa after South Africa. South Africa with a population of 47.9million harmonizing to 2007 statistical informations, has a beer ingestion per capita of 50 hectoliters while Nigeria has 10 hectoliters per capita. Industry operators are of the position that the bing houses capacity are non plenty to run into the demand of the market, and there is therefore room for enlargement ( Momoh, 2009 ) . .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .postImageUrl , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:visited , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:active { border:0!important; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:active , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sleep Disorders EssayNigeria is a diverse state with over 250 cultural groups. The population of the state gives a spiritual spread of Muslims ( 50 % ) , Christians ( 40 % ) and autochthonal faiths ( 10 % ) . The Muslims and Pentecostal Christians do non indulge in beer ingestion due to their spiritual beliefs ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) The above notwithstanding, beer ingestion remains a societal activity in Nigeria and the sale of the trade good has continued to increase from twelvemonth to year.. Technology The brewery industry is extremely capital intensifier. This accounts for the ground why the ownership construction is either public and/or state-owned with/without foreign partnership. The engineering for the industry, trim parts and expert technicians are non available in state and hence extremely dependent on foreign exchange. Guinness for illustration has Diego of Ireland as its foreign spouse ( Trade Invest, 2009 ) . The prohibition on importing of barley in 1987 necessitated the industry to settle for local replacement of corn and sorghum as natural stuffs for its production. The end point works transition to suit the new natural stuff input-mix cost Nigerian Brewery a humongous amount of 100million naira! ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . One of the major challenges confronting the industry is the care of equipments and machinery. The participants commit immense fiscal resources in engineering and ascents in order to stay competitory ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Analysis of Industry Competitiveness utilizing Porter Five Forces Industry fight is said to determined by dickering power of purchasers, power of providers, menaces of new rivals, menace of replacement merchandises and competition among existing houses. The profitableness of the industry is determined by these five Forces as they influence monetary values, costs and required investing ( Porter, 1985 ) . Dickering Power of Buyers Buyers create demand in the market and their bargaining power would stand for a strong competitory force if they have sufficient bargaining purchase to act upon and obtain monetary value grants and other favorable footings and conditions of sale ( Thompson et al, 2010 ) . In the instance of the brewery industry, consumers are scattered across specific parts in the state. Some provinces in the Northern portion of Nigeria do non allow the sale of alcoholic drinks due to spiritual beliefs. The monetary value snap demand for gross revenues of brewery merchandises is inelastic, an addition in monetary value may non hold a important impact on demand. A lessening in consumer disposable income may hold a little impact on demand, as purchasers may travel for cheaper trade names or replacement merchandises. The debut of a new merchandise into market that is non related to the brewery industry may vie with brewery merchandises for consumer disposable income. The debut of GSM service into the Nigerian market in 2003 created a serious competition for the brewery industry ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . The industry has good distribution webs, in fact, they are the purchasers in the industry as they control motion of the merchandises from the manufacturer to the retail merchants, and therefore find the monetary value of the merchandises to a certain extent. This unluckily does non let interaction between the manufacturers and the consumers, nevertheless the participants in the industry particularly the two large participants strive to keep contact with their consumers by advertizements, publicity of events and besides sponsorships of assorted programmes and activities ( Jernigan A ; Obot, 2006 ) . Dickering Power of Suppliers Suppliers in the industry include distributers of natural stuffs, constituents and finished merchandises. Such constituents include bottles, crown corks, labels e.t.c. These services are outsourced because the Nigerian jurisprudence does non allow the brewery houses to bring forth them ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . There are more distributers and providers than bing brewery houses in being. The natural stuffs and constituents being uniform give the makers the luxury to take their providers at will ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Nigerian Breweries entirely has about 147 distributers and jobbers within the state ( Famurewa A ; Orekoya, 2008 ) . However the distributers may present a menace to the industry during industrial actions. Menace of new Entrants Harmonizing to Porter, the menace of new entrants will impact the profitableness of an industry ( Porter, 1985 ) as the officeholders may be forced to take down their monetary values in order to deter new entrants thereby cut downing profitableness. In the Nigerian Brewery industry, some factors which help to raise barrier to entry include capital demands, legal costs, economic systems of graduated table, distribution webs ( oppapers.com, 2011 ) . Nigerian Breweries and Guinness both have foreign proficient spouses who provide the needful proficient and fiscal aid ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The other companies are chiefly public or province owned and are localised within their part. There were no new entrant into the concern, until 2009 when SABMiller a South African company came on watercourse with the acquisition of Peabody Breweries and Standard Breweries. SABMiller scheme in deriving portion of the market portion was to bring forth low cost beer for a section of the market who could non afford the premium trade name of the bing market. However Nigeria Breweries was already bring forthing such through Consolidated Breweries one of its subordinate ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .postImageUrl , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:visited , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:active { border:0!important; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:active , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mercent of Venice EssayMenace of Substitute The handiness of replacement may impact an industry s profitableness as consumers may make up ones mind to exchange to a utility merchandise ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . In Nigeria the ingestion of traditional drinks such as burukutu, palm vino and ogogoro has a cultural affinity among consumers in the rural and urban countries. Other possible replacements include alcoholic drinks such as vino, brandy, vodka and non alcoholic drinks such as malt, juice, soft and energy drinks. The alcoholic drinks are known to be consumed by a higher section of the society ( Jernigan A ; Obot, 2006 ) , while the non-alcoholic drinks are to aim the non-beer consuming spiritual groups. Beer nevertheless remains the drink of pick as some surveies carried out have shown its prevailing penchant over other alcoholic drinks ( Obot, 2000 ) . Beer is known to account for 96 % of alcoholic gross revenues in Nigeria ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Intensity of Rivalry among existing houses This is a step of the extent to which bing houses compete among each other for clients, this could be monetary value and non-price based ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . In the industry as mentioned earlier, competition is between the two major participants, nevertheless there are no monetary value wars as the merchandises are differentiated and monetary value differences are undistinguished. The industry produces 22 trade names of laager and 4 trade names of stout besides other non-alcoholic drinks, Nigerian Breweries dominates the market in the larger ( Star ) section while Guinness dominates the stout ( Guinness ) section ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . For non-priced based competition, the two companies compete on merchandise inventions, such as packaging, stigmatization and advertizements. Consumers have witnessed invention of packaging from bottle to can and sip-it battalions. Summary of Five Forces A sum-up of the five forces is herewith presented in the tabular array below utilizing cardinal drivers and attendant consequence on industry ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Table 1 Outline1 Force2 Key drivers3 Consequence4 Company5 Gross ( 2009 ) m6 Market portion7 Market share^2 Force Key drivers Consequence Power of purchasers Concentration is high, no bargaining purchase Low Power of providers Suppliers more than Manufacturers Low Menace of replacement Increased growing in replacement industry High Menace of new Entrant High barrier to entry Low Intensity of competition Two major rivals Moderate Overall analysis Moderate SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis will be used to mensurate an organisation s strengths and failings, chances and menaces in the industry on a four cell chart ( Dibb et al, 2006 ) . Figure 1 Strength Economies of graduated table Strong fiscal base Experience High staff turn-over Inflexible engineering Cost Control Failing Opportunity Technology Market growing Good distribution web Govt statute law Continued low border Failure to capture mkt growing Menace ( Dibbs et al, 2006 ) Recommendations With strength and chance, an organisation in the industry can capitalise by enlargement or acquisition of weaker houses. An organisation with chance and internal failing should watch the market easy and explicate a scheme to construct on its failing. A weak organisation confronting menace should take the strategic turn-around required, by go outing the concern or let itself to be taken over by a bigger house. An organisation with strength but confronting menace should utilize its strength to get the better of its failing ( Dibb et al, 2006 ) Hirschmann Herfindahl Index ( HHI ) HHI is a measuring of the concentration of an industry. It is measured by squaring the amount of the market portion within that industry. A HHI figure greater than 1800 connote an industry that is well concentrated ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Table 2 Company Gross ( 2009 ) m Market portion Market share^2 Nigerian Breweries $ 1,100 65 % 4,225 Guinness Nigeria $ 587.7 25 % 625 Others 10 % 100 Entire 4,950 ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The HHI step gives a figure of 4,950 which shows a extremely concentrated industry be givening towards an oligopoly ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Decision The brewery industry has proved to be a sustainable concern in Nigeria with over six ( 6 ) decennaries of operation and holding survived old ages of unstable civil order, economic downswings and different authorities policy and reforms. The industry has been systematically dominated by Nigerian Breweries and Guinness and is unhappily apt towards oligopoly with the acquisition of five bing breweries by Nigerian Breweries ( allAfrica.com, 2011 ) . Nigeria is still considered one of the least penetrated beer market in the universe in footings of its demographic population of over 150million ( allAfrica.com, 2011 ) . More investors are decidedly welcome, nevertheless such investors will necessitate to perpetrate immense capital spending to construct workss or get existing houses and besides make a strong distribution web in order to vie with the bing houses. Beer ingestion is a win-win state of affairs, Nigerians drink when they are happy and wish to observe, they besides drink when they are sad or emotionally down. The brewery industry will therefore continue to bask a sustained growing in the state.

Emilia in Shakespeares Othello

Emilia in Shakespeare's 'Othello' From her first introduction, Emilia in Shakespeares Othello is ridiculed and chided by her husband Iago: â€Å"Sir, would she give you so much of her lips/As of her tongue she oft bestows on me,/You would have enough† (Iago, Act 2, Scene 1). This particular line is prophetic in that Emilia’s testimony at the end of the play, relating to how Cassio came by the handkerchief, leads directly to Iago’s downfall. Emilia Analysis Emilia is perceptive and cynical, maybe as a result of her relationship with Iago. She is the first to suggest that somebody is telling Othello untruths about Desdemona; â€Å"The Moor’s abused by some most villainous knave./Some base, notorious knave† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 143-5).​ Unfortunately, she does not identify her own husband as the perpetrator until it is too late: â€Å"You told a lie, an odious, damned lie† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 187). In order to please him, Emilia gives Iago Desdemona’s handkerchief, which leads to her best friend’s condemnation, but this is not done out of spite but to garner a little praise or love from her husband Iago, who rewards her with the line; â€Å"O good wench give it to me† (Act 3 Scene 3, Line 319). In a conversation with Desdemona, Emilia does not condemn a woman for having an affair: But I do think it is their husbands faultsIf wives do fall: say that they slack their duties,And pour our treasures into foreign laps,Or else break out in peevish jealousies,Throwing restraint upon us; or say they strike us,Or scant our former having in despite;Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace,Yet have we some revenge. Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them: they see and smellAnd have their palates both for sweet and sour,As husbands have. What is it that they doWhen they change us for others? Is it sport?I think it is: and doth affection breed it?I think it doth: ist frailty that thus errs?It is so too: and have not we affections,Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?Then let them use us well: else let them know,The ills we do, their ills instruct us so (Act 5 Scene 1). Emilia blames the man in the relationship for driving her to it. â€Å"But I do think it is their husband’s faults If wives do fall.† This speaks volumes for her relationship with Iago and does insinuate that she would not be averse to the idea of an affair; which corroborates the rumors about her and Othello, although she denies them. Also, her loyalty to Desdemona may belie this rumor too. An audience would not judge Emilia too harshly for her views, knowing Iago’s true nature. Emilia and Othello Emilia judges jealous Othello’s behavior harshly and warns Desdemona off him; â€Å"I would you had never seen him† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 17). This demonstrates her loyalty and that she judges men based on her own experience. Having said this, it may well have been better if Desdemona had never set eyes on Othello, given the outcome. Emilia even bravely challenges Othello when she discovers he has murdered Desdemona: â€Å"O the more angel she, and you the blacker devil!† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 140). Emilia’s role in Othello is key, her part in taking the handkerchief leads to Othello falling for Iago’s lies more fully. She discovers Othello as Desdemona’s murderer and uncovers her husband’s plot which she exposes; â€Å"I will not charm my tongue. I am bound to speak† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 191). This leads to Iago’s eventual downfall and sadly her own murder as her husband kills her. She demonstrates her strength and honesty by exposing her husband and challenging Othello for his behavior. She remains loyal to her mistress throughout and even asks to join her on her deathbed as she herself dies. Unfortunately, these two strong, perceptive, loyal women are killed off but, at the same time, they could be considered the heroes of the piece.

The Crucible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Crucible - Essay Example The plot involves a series of accusations about people participating in witchcraft. Reverend John Hale, an expert in witchcraft, is called from a neighboring town, to investigate the unnatural events that have recently been reported in Salem. Many people accused of witchcraft end up in court and are hanged for their supposed involvement in unnatural activities. The scenes reveal that many of those who undergo trial for involving in witchcraft are in fact innocent people accused by others for personal reasons. The Crucible features many prominent characters among them John Proctor, Abigail Williams, Mary Warren, Ann Putman, Thomas Putnam, Giles Corey, Reverend John Hale, Elizabeth Proctor, Thomas Danforth, and John Hathorne. John Proctor (Husband to Elizabeth), a humble famer, had an affaire with Abigail at the time she was working for the Proctor family as a house help. Abigail a great liar wishes to see Elizabeth dead in the belief that upon Elizabeth’s death she would be married to John (Grade Saver par. 3). In a private conversation, Abigail reveals to John Proctor that the entire witchcraft saga was a hoax. Abigail accuses Elizabeth of attempting to murder her as she feels a needle-stab while she is eating. This she does knowing fully well that Mary had made a poppet and given it to Elizabeth as a gift with a needle stuck to it. It is based on the needle and the poppet that she accuses Elizabeth. In court, Proctor denounces Abigail’s claims stating that she is a liar an d a whore. As a result of Abigail’s lies Proctor is hang, Elizabeth is imprisoned awaiting her hanging after delivering her unborn child, and Rebecca Nurse is scheduled to face the gallows. The setting of the plot is Salem, at a time when accusations of being involved in witchcraft could draw the death penalty. The author is keen enough to involve create characters with different traits so as to be able to develop a captivating plot. In the Crucible, if

Bio Comprehensive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bio Comprehensive - Essay Example Its inner layer invaginates and form thylakoid disks that are arranged in stacks called "grana" where chlorophyll is concentrated and so with other pigment absorbing organs. The membranes are very much important in the process of photosynthesis of plants because it is where the organelles responsible for absorbing light (chlorophyll in chloroplast) are suspended or being housed One way to measure the efficiency of chloroplast when it is intact is through Fluorescence. This will be able to measure the chlorophyll in the flourimeter. The spectrum of fluorescence is different to that of absorbed light, with the peak of fluorescence emission being of longer wavelength than that of absorption. Therefore, fluorescence yield can be measured by exposing a leaf to light of defined wavelength and measuring the amount of light re-emitted at longer wavelengths. When transferring photosynthetic material from the dark into the light, an increase in the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence happens over a time period of around 1 s. This increase has then been explained as a consequence of reduction of electron acceptors in the photosynthetic pathway, downstream of PSII, notably plastoquinone and in particular, QA. Once PSII absorbs light and QA has accepted an electron, it is not able to accept another until it has passed the first onto a succeeding electron carrier (QB). Du ring this period, the reaction centre is said to be 'closed'. At any point in time, the occurrence of a fraction of closed reaction centers leads to an overall reduction in the efficiency of photochemistry and so to a matching increase in the yield of fluorescence. Our body part is made up of cells. These cells multiply in a process called cell division. If the division of the cells is having irregularities in number tumors develops. There will be too numerous divisions of cells. But what triggers human malignant cancers is due to mutations of both signal transduction pathways and in the mechanisms that control the cell cycle. Signal transduction responses are responsible for gene activation, manufacturing of metabolic energy, and cell movement. It has something to do with the cell activity. It has even something to do with the modification of the cell skeleton. Since it is responsible for gene activation it leads to gene expression as proteins. Gene activation leads to further effects, since genes are expressed as proteins, many of which are enzymes, transcription factors or other regulators of metabolic activity. Because transcription factors can activate still many genes in turn, an initial stimulus can trigger via signal transduction the expression of whole suite of genes and a panoply of physiolgical events. When there is a mutation of the pathway the expresion of genes also mutates. This mutation may lead to cancers. There sequence is sometimes affected by the mutation. In every expresion like GUC for example when mutated may lead to GUA and this does not mean the same as what GUC codes for. To determine a patient with cancer caused by mutation of the tranduction signal pathway, you can conduct mutation analysis. With this, you can be able to trace if the patient's cancer is cause mainly of his/her signal transduction being mutated. Enzymes are catalysts. Mostly of these are protein based. Enzymes attach temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they decrease the amount of activation

Prevention Suicide People Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

Prevention Suicide People Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay Suicide is defined as the process involving one ending his/her own life. There are various types of suicide which can make it rather difficult to help define the term. Traditional suicide is referred to those individuals who plan or act upon self-destructive thoughts and feelings whilst under immense stress. Assisted suicide is another term where a physician may help a terminally ill person to die, avoiding an imminent, inevitable and potentially painful decline. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her own community (Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/, 2010). The rate of suicide in the UK is continuing to fall where figures reached their lowest in 2007 for both men and women. Suicide rates in 2008 were slightly higher than those seen in 2007 where 5,706 suicides were recorded however in 2009 there was a slight decrease were 5,675 suicides were recorded in the UK (Statistics O. f., Suicide rates in the United Kingdom, 2011). Although suicide rates are seen as rather low when compared to the early years such as the period between 1990- 2000, there is still a major concern in the number of suicides committed each year. The prevalence of suicide in the UK is still rather high and remains a major concern due to the number of people going to hospital after having attempted suicide. The rate of men committing suicide is estimated to be about three quarters of the men in the UK, where men aged 25-34 are at highest risk of suicide, followed by men aged 35-44. Suicide is considered as the second most frequent cause of death within men aged between 15-44, after accidental death (NHS Choices , 2009). Suicide and young people is also common within people aged 15-24, where accidental death is generally the cause of death followed by suicide. Figures state about 7-14% of young people will self-harm at one point in their life (NHS Choices , 2009). Suicide is major problem when it comes to the elderly because figures in 2006 showed that 217 people aged 80 or over took their own lives which equated to 5.2% of overall deaths from suicides (NHS Choices , 2009). Comparing the suicide rates in 2008 between men and women, there were 17.7 suicides per 100,000 population in men and 5.4 per 100,000 in women, thus showing men were three times more likely to commit suicide than women (Statistics O. f., Suicide rates in the United Kingdom, 2010). Statistics are currently as they stand where women are less likely to commit suicide than men, as women are more likely to report symptoms of common mental health problems instead of men therefore they receive appropriate treatment be it drugs and/or therapy (Statistics N. , 2003). Possible risk factors for suicide: A previous attempt at suicide Possible exposure to suicidal behaviour of others (friends, family or media figures) Family history of suicide Family history of substance abuse Substance abuse Incarceration Violence within the household (physical or sexual) Family history of mental disorder Depression or other mental disorders When dealing with suicide many individuals who have lost a loved one sometimes wonder if they could have possibly prevented it or some individuals may even blame themselves for the main cause of suicide in others. Therefore this self blaming may lead to behavioural changes which could represent itself as a decrease in the persons ability to express emotions. Those who experience grieving go through a series of emotions which could render them rather emotionally unstable, those who do experience these emotions sometimes become fixated upon the fact that they may be involved in the death in some manner thus feeling suicide may be the only option to make up for what they believe is all their fault. Observing suicide rates and the possible risk factors behind suicide, research has shown that majority of people who do commit suicide or attempt to commit suicide actually do have a mental illness where the common cause is depression. Following depression, 10-15% of people affected by bipolar disorder will commit suicide followed by 4% of people with schizophrenia committing suicide soon after their illness begins (NHS Choices , 2009). The most common types of mental health problems currently in the UK are: (Organization, mhGAP Intervention Guide, 2010) Anxiety Mood disorders Eating disorders Psychotic disorders Impulse control and addiction disorders Mental illness has shown to play a crucial role and is possibly the main precipitating factor in preventing suicides. Research studies (stated earlier) have shown to form a relationship between suicide rates and mental disorders which leads to suggest that if the appropriate help and support is provided to those with mental illnesses then possible there could be a decline or prevention in the number of suicides seen each year. Depression is the leading cause of suicide in people with mental health problems thus people in this mind of frame are usually of low mood and may occasionally have thoughts of suicide. Therefore if we treat the mental disorder then it can stand to reason that thoughts of suicide may also disappear. Preventing suicide isnt simple and people who do experience episodes of depression or reoccurring thoughts of suicide should be dealt with efficiently and as soon as possible to prevent harm to them but also to others. It is important to emphasise that people are reminded that help is always available wherever and whenever they need it and many health care professional such as GPs or Pharmacists are there at their disposal. Although GPs and Pharmacists are qualified health care professionals they still may not be fully competent in providing advice in situations involving people with mental health disorders. Practitioners that are unsure whether an individual actually is mentally ill and may also be suicidal can still play a part by providing help and support and referring them to more qualified personal for diagnosis. Suicide prevention can be carried out through many procedures such as using drugs (antidepressants) or talking therapies (counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy). Those who are described as having a mental disorder, have the hidden burden of stigma and discrimination often faced by those with mental disorders. The term mental illness can be rather misleading as although these problems can arise from biological or medical contributions they can also result from a series of complex interactions of biological, psychological or social factors. Also many illnesses experienced by individuals may differ slightly from normal categories used to describe mental illnesses therefore sometimes a true diagnosis cannot be determined or may be misleading. Furthermore, when diagnosing people as having a mental health problem there is no universal agreed cut off point between normal behaviour and that which is associated with mental illness. Therefore if it is hard to diagnose people with a mental illness then it does also make it rather difficult to prevent suicides from occurring aswell (foundation, 2010). Mental illness can lead to improper thoughts such as suicide as many individuals may feel its not worth living if they have to go through feelings which make their quality of life rather unsatisfactory. Measures which can be taken to help fight such thoughts and help cope with feelings of sadness, loneliness or just general low self of esteem can involve: Focusing on certain things which help shift your mind from negative thoughts such as socialising with people who you generally have fun with, spoiling yourself with new cloths/food, or doing deep breathing exercises. Stimulating the mind and body through performing light exercises, going for a walk outside of the house to get some fresh air and to get a change of atmosphere, planning the day to ensure productivity and try to maintain your usual sleeping pattern. Avoid depressants such as alcohol or illegal drugs which may feel beneficial at first but long term effects can cause depression and sometimes anxiety, furthermore you may make decisions that you normally would regard as dangerous/pointless. Socialising to stay connected to the world can help prevent feelings of entrapment, also talking to people about any feelings you may be experiencing can help and spending time with friends to fight against loneliness. Focusing on positive things in your life rather than regretting what could or should have been. Go to support/self-help groups and share similar experiences with people in the same situation as yourself and see how they manage their day. Comparing the likelihood of who is more likely to develop mental health problems, it was reported that women receive more treatment for mental health problems than men, however studies determined this was mainly due to women being more likely to report their symptoms rather than suffer in silence which many men tend do. Depression is also thought to play a vital role in the development of suicide, where 1 in 4 women will require treatment for depression, whereas only 1 in 10 men will require treatment. Diagnosing depression in men and women is somewhat a difficult process and can sometimes be under diagnosed because they may present to their GP with different symptoms or possibly due to social or biological factors, thus possibly showing men more likely to become diagnosed with depression. A common mental health problem that also occurs more in women than men is anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and increased chances of developing phobias. On the other hand, men are more likely to develop an alcohol or drug addiction compared to women. It is also thought that mental health problems may be greater in minority ethnic groups than in the white population; however they are less likely to be diagnosed by the GP. Although it is not clear to what extent mental health care and primary care providers can prevent suicide in those individuals who die due to their mental health problem(s) it is believed they can play a significant role in the prevention. Also for those who do make contact with mental health care providers, majority of these people are adults thus suggesting the youth segment may need to be targeted more to ensure everything was done to prevent their death. When we look at prevention techniques to minimise or even deplete the frequency of suicides committed by those individuals who are not thinking clearly or those with mental health problems, we firstly think what can be done to reduce the chances of this person committing suicide, and then hopefully aiming to remove all thoughts about suicide and what he or she hopes to achieve by carrying out this act. Mental health professionals as stated early can play a crucial role in preventing suicide through the means of providing support and help whenever the person may require it, be it day or night. The term health professional is rather a vague term which can be used to describe a broad range of qualified group of individuals each trained in their specific field to offer their unique services to ensure the can do their role in the prevention of suicide. Many people with mental health problems who think suicide is the only way they will be free from what they may be going through, can be treated not only through the means of supplying various drugs to manage their condition but also by using techniques which provide support to those who may need it the most. There are many mental health professionals which can provide their services to help those which are not in the correct state of mind by making sure to identify the most suitable plan of action which will be of benefit to the patient, which could entail recommending patients to other mental health professionals (such as a GP recommending a patient to see psychotherapist) to ensure their needs are fully met and overall to ensure the most beneficial therapy or treatment has been considered. Mental health professionals: (care, 2010) General Practitioners Psychiatrists Clinical psychologists Nurses in psychiatric hospitals Community psychiatric nurses Keyworkers Occupational therapists (OTs) Social workers Support workers Community support workers Psychotherapists Counsellors Befrienders Carrying out a history of past suicide attempts is one of the most accurate predictors of possible future risk attempts.  It has been estimated that about 10-15% of people who make contact with a healthcare service due to a first suicide attempt eventually die by suicide, the risk being greatest during the first year after an attempt. The White Paper  The Health of the Nation (1992) outlined the health strategy for England, and recognised mental health as one of the five main areas in which targets were set for ensuring improvements in peoples health. The aims/targets focused on decreasing the total rate of suicide by at about 15% by 2000 and declining suicides of people with severe mental disorders by at least 33%. Those people, who have previously attempted to commit suicide, are mainly at risk as they are more likely to repeat their actions until they are successful. Furthermore a good indicator could be those who have a history of suicide attempts within the family. Suicidal thoughts do play any important part in depression and those individuals who have symptoms of depression are therefore more likely to be at risk, in particular if they express a sense of despair about the future or see no point in life. Research studies have shown good indication that both people with mental illnesses and some people with medical disorders, for example heart disease and cancer, are associated with an increased risk of suicide. Functional mental disorders such as depression and bipolar disorders are associated with the highest risk overall; substance misuse and organic disorders are associated with a lesser degree of risk. On average, people with reoccurring depression have a 15-20% increased risk of suicide; people living with schizophrenia have a 10-15% increased risk. These figures may be rough estimates but, as many who die by suicide may have been experiencing undiagnosed depressive illness. The most common mental illnesses which cause suicide are depression and schizophrenia where in depression the mental health foundation estimates that about 70% of suicides are due to those in a depressive state (Foundation, 1997). Depression is known to result in suicidal thoughts and indeed suicidal ideation is an important element in the diagnosis of depression. There is link made where the risk of committing suicide does increase with deeper the depression. However suicidal rates do increase when a individual comes out of a depressive state and energy levels and motivation become greater. Schizophrenia was the also one of the most leading causes of death a study which was shown by the World Health Organization (WHO). Depression is generally the main factor leading to suicide in schizophrenia; however it is the hopelessness about ones future that actually leads to suicide. Therefore certain strategies to help prevent suicides in people with mental health problems can involve: (Health D. o., 2002) Using a Care Programme Approach for those who have severe mental illnesses and a history of self-harm Have local arrangements for information sharing between criminal justice agencies Carry out follow-up sessions within a week of discharge for people with severe mental illnesses or a known history of self-harm Use of atypical antipsychotic medication to be made available for all patients with severe mental illness who are non-compliant with typical drugs due to side effects Promotion of access to services for people in crisis and their families Adequate staff training in the management of risk, every three years Prompt access to services for people in crisis and their families Strategies for dual diagnosis entailing management of substance misuse services Specialised care plans specifying actions to take if a patient is non-compliant or fails to attend Assertive outreach teams to prevent loss of contact with vulnerable and high-risk patients The prevention of suicide in patients with mental health problems is not an easy task, as we have seen there is no single route to achieving these targets for reducing deaths by suicide, since the factors associated with suicide are many and varied.

Cherokee Indians Essay example -- essays research papers

The Removal of the Cherokees After England's acceptance of the terms of the peace made with France and Spain in 1763, in which France gave Louisiana to Spain, the grants formerly made to the six English colonies were considered good only to the Mississippi River. During the American Revolution and soon there after these former colonies were considered good only to the Mississippi River. During the American Revolution and soon thereafter these former colonies, now states of the Union ceded their unoccupied western lands to the government of the United States, thereby establishing the so-called public domain. Of these states, the last to cede its western lands was Georgia, which in 1802 surrendered all claim to land included in the present states of Alabama and Mississippi. This cession was made by what was known as the Georgia Compact. It also provided that the United States should at its own expense extinguish for the use of Georgia the Indian title to all lands within the state as soon as it could be done peace ably and upon reasonable terms. The purchase of Louisiana the following year placed the United States in possession of a large amount of territory It seemed reasonable, at least to the white man, that these Georgia Indians, mainly the Cherokees and Creeks, might be induced to move. One reason given by President Jefferson for this purchase was that it would make a suitable area for a new home for large tribes east of the Mississippi owning fertile lands needed for settlement by the whites. Years earlier some parties of Cherokees had crossed the Mississippi and had gone into what is now northwestern Arkansas because of the abundance of game in that region. Some of them had settled there more or less permanently, and from time to time others came out to join them. President Jefferson believed that others, or perhaps the entire tribe, might be induced to migrate to the West. The year following the treaty for the purchase of Louisiana he instructed officials of the United States government residing in the Cherokee Nation to approach the chiefs and head men of the tribe with the suggestion that the Cherokees exchange their lands in Georgia for others beyond the Mississippi. The officials reported to the President, however, that the Indians showed no sympathy with the proposal and had expressed themselves as determined to retain their lands and remain i... ...te shall be formed within the limits of another state without the consent of the latter as well as of Congress. It was asserted that the Cherokees had, in adopting a constitution, sought to form a new state within the limits of Georgia. The President promptly asked Congress to provide for an investigation of this purported Indian state and for "arresting its designs". The first Cherokee principal chief chosen under the terms of the new constitution was William Hicks, the brother of the beloved Chief Charles Hicks, who had authored the constatution but had died in January of 1827. William served but a short time, and in 1828 he was succeeded by John Ross who had been a protà ©gà © of Charles Hicks for several years. Ross was only one eighth Cherokee and the rest Scottish, but he had been born and reared among the Cherokees, to whom he was deeply devoted. Well educated, with a keep mind and rare ability as a statesman, he served almost continuously as principal chief until his death nearly forty years later. During all these years he wielded a powerful influence in the affairs of the tribe; his life story during this long period is virtually a history of the Cherokee people.

Regilion and Moral Flaws in Young Goodman Brown

Alexandria Harris Mrs. Thompson Eng. 101 TR. 10:15-12:15 Good vs. Evil the Moral Flaws in Young Goodman Brown In Salem, Massachusetts religion was very prominent in the 1700s, especially during the Salem Witch Trials. Salem, Massachusetts was known for the numerous witch trials, and the persecutions. Many people were accused for practicing witchcraft, being bewitched, and for making covenants with the devil. Nathaniel Hawthorne introduces Goodman Brown as a newlywed husband who is going to embark on a tedious journey into the forest. This journey into the forest was to meet the Devil, and to establish a covenant with him.As he travels, Brown is faced whether to go against his morals, beliefs, and religion. Goodman Brown realizes not everything is what it seems, and he learns about the true morality of the people around him. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne reveals the common differences between good versus evil, and the weakness of public morality, As the sto ry begins we meet Goodman Brown, and his newly wed wife Faith. The couple is talking about the journey Brown is going to take, and Faith is trying to convince him to stay until the morning to travel into the forest.Faith then tells Goodman that â€Å"A lone woman is troubled with suck dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes. † When Faith says that it is to let Brown know that she is scared to be alone at night, nor does she want him to tarry off to the forest at the moment. She would rather him stay with her so that she can feel safe, secured, and unharmed. Brown assures her that everything is okay, and that it is going to be a one nigh endeavor. Goodman clings on to this idea of Faith as he starts his journey into the forest. He hopes that as long as Faith stays holy, he can somehow find himself to resist the devil.Goodman Brown feels that the good in Faith’s heart will keep him making irrational decisions. The good that is in faith is s hown so that Goodman can travel without worrying about her. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Goodman’s wife Faith to represent her purity as a woman. In the 1700s, a pure woman was the best thing in the world. If the woman was pure it made her worth more than anything that an impure woman could offer. Brown states that â€Å"she’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven. Hawthorne is trying to convey that even though Brown has done wrong in his life Faith’s purity could save him from a life of sin. It was known in these times that the men would leave the family for religious purposes. Faith’s purity brings the well-being out of Goodman Brown because he knows that he can’t go wrong with her. Brown realizes that her purity is what keeps him in line, and it is why he insists on remaining good. If he remains on this path, remembers the purity of Faith, and resist wrong doing then he can remai n faithful to his religion.The ribbons that Faith puts on her hat also represent her purity. The color pink is often used when newborn baby girls are born to symbolize that they are young, innocent, and pure. As little girls get older they tend to like this color more than the rest. Pink is used frequently to show the feminine side of girls, and how they are different from boys. The pink ribbons are associated with innocence and modesty. Faith is considered pure because at the beginning she shows to Goodman that she doesn’t want him to leave her alone. The newly wed wife would rather have her husband around her than him travel afar.Hawthorne mentions the ribbons several times in the beginning, and this states her youthfulness as well as her happiness. Traveling into the forest is when the tone shifts from innocent and kindhearted to gloomy and melancholy. Angie Sole states that, â€Å"Goodman Brown’s experience in the dark, evil forest correlated and would have been r ecognized by Puritans as a symbol of mistrust of their own corrupt hearts and faculties. † Soler says this because it represents the deceit, and the darkness of man’s heart. Brown walking into the forest that was gloomy, dark, and the shadows he saw were fighting him.Brown felt like he couldn’t trust the figures because they were deceiving him by their looks. The evil in the story the forest was just like the evil in all the movies, and in the plots of story books. Going into a dark forest doesn’t symbolize anything good. Being in the forest, Brown knew he couldn’t trust his own self, nor could he trusts his desires to keep from doing wrong. The forest with all its evil, deceit, and darkness shows Brown that he doesn’t need to follow in to the path of evil. As Brown travels deeper into the forest, a man who informs him that he is late approaches him.The second traveler with Brown is much older than he is, and Hawthorne describes him to be â⠂¬Å"Considerable resemblance to him, though perhaps more features still they have been taken for father and son. † This is because they looked alike in similar ways. Older man carried a rod hat resembled â€Å"A great black snake. † This snake is the significance in the story because it is known for being a deceiver. In the Old Testament, the snake deceived Eve into eating the fruit from the Forbidden tree. The snake lay to Eve and Adam because the snake was sneaky, mischievous, and deceitful.This is why Eve was easily persuaded to the fruit. Another â€Å"rod/snake† reference is when Moses was trying to convince Pharaoh to let the people of Israel go. When meeting with Pharaoh, Moses casted out his rod, and it turned into a snake. Hawthorne describes the rod in the story as like it was somewhat alive. The snake represents the common evil Brown face throughout the story. Hawthorne uses the weakness of morality throughout the story. This shows how Brown was ashame d of what he was doing as well as what the people around him were doing.Going in the forest is when Brown recognizes the familiar faces. He notices the minister, deacon Gookin, and Good Cloyse traveling into the forest as well. As they are walking, Brown quickly throws his staff, and goes out of sight. It was as if he vanished into the deepening of darkness. Hiding behind the tree, Brown is staying out of sight of the three Salem church members. Making sure that the familiar people of town Brown uses the branches to hide do not see him. He didn’t want as much as a shadow of him to be seen, and while he was hiding Brown begins to pray.As he praying the atmosphere changes, and the clouds start to shift. The Brown hears the indistinct voices laughing, and conversing among each other. This is when he notices something floating in the sky, and this is when he realizes that is its Faith’s pink ribbon. Goodman Brown proclaims â€Å"My Faith is gone! There is no good on earth ; and sin is but a name. Come, devil1 for to thee is this world given. † He says this in spite of the possibility of Faith being in harm’s way. Faith being alive is how Brown was so comfortable with making this journey to speak with the Devil.Her being safe, secures, and out of harm’s way is what made the trip easier, and he used her faith to allow him to resist into temptation. Brown begins to continue walking at a faster pace because he wants the journey to be over with. Getting closer to his destination he comes across an open space that has poles lit up with fire, and this is followed by the thunderous cry of people chanting hymns. Brown comes to the space, and he notices some of the Salem towns people were there too/ He see the minister, Deacon Gookin, and Goody Cloyse, but Faith is nowhere to be found.Brown is confused with what he is seeing. There were two figures that were vaguely noticeable, but Brown thinks they are his parents. Nether the less, he was seized by the arms by the minister and the deacon. They start walking him to the blazing rock where he sees the unveiled. The morality of the people had been changed because Goodman Brown thought all the people were of one faith when they weren’t. The people all walk to the middle of the open space, and the woman who was wearing the veil followed them. A voice begins to speak and this is led to believe that it is the Devil.He calls everyone to attention letting the people know that things are about to come to order. The woman under the veil then reveals herself, and she is no other than Faith. Brown realized that she is a part of the demonic meeting he speaks to her and says â€Å"Look up to the heaven, and resist the Wicked one. † Brown feels that Faith shouldn’t go down the path that he was going down. Since Faith is believed to be the only pure soul in his life, and he wants her to stay in that shape, form, and fashion Regardless of the temptation that she is faced he wants her to resist it.Brown returns to the Salem village the next morning with a new perspective about everyone. The people surrounding him seemed to be coming off as unrealistic, and this is when he starts to think that everything is not supposed to happen. Goodman feels that not only were his morals changed, but the people around him did too. Their morals, beliefs, and religions have changed because before he went into the forest. Brown felt that he was the only one doing wrong, but until he goes into the forest is when he sees the true nature of the people.Hawthorne reveals man weakness to their moral, religion, and beliefs could easily be different†¦ Hawthorne shows that the holiest man could very well be a sinner. Not one man is subjected to being holier than the other. Brown saw the further he went into the forest the more vulnerable to following into evil. Once Faith sees Goodman Brown she runs up to him with joy of knowing that he returned without being harme d. After being in that forest for a night, Brown could not decipher what was right, and he could not tell if what he was seeing was wrong.Being release from Faith’s embracing hug he can not look at her the same. The look was so stern, and sadly given to her, that he passed her without even acknowledging her with a proper greeting. Her female purity was once sacred to Goodman Brown, and he felt that if she kept her faith he too could to right in his life. With the feeling of being deceived, lied to , and bamboozled her purity is no longer void, and it dissolves into nonexistence. Goodman’s innocence left him as he began the journey into the forest, but doing this made him feel corrupted beyond reasons explainable.This shows that everything Brown has seen could very much be a figment of his imagination. In conclusion, Goodman Brown sees that there is more than meet the eye, and that no man is far from sin. Nathaniel Hawthorn shows that your faith may betray you, but it i s also the truth of a waking experience. In this short story Hawthorne uses the differences of good versus evil, and the weakness of morality to convey how people were in the 1700s. By using Goodman Brown, he was able to show the understanding of sin, and to let go of world dependence, and to strive for the life without sin.